Journal of Biological and Medical Innovations
The Journal of Biological and Medical Innovations is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by METROPOLE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY HUB (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED. The journal is dedicated to the exploration and dissemination of high-quality and groundbreaking research in the fields of biology and medicine. It focuses on recent advances in biological sciences, medical technologies, pharmaceutical developments, and therapeutic innovations aimed at improving human health and wellness at a global level. Journal of Biological and Medical Innovations is a member of DOI PREFIX: 10.67081
METROPOLE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY HUB (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a gradual neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with insidious cognitive impairment and a preclinical or pre-symptomatic phase whereby years may lapse between the onset of the neuropathological changes and clinical manifestation. Early and precise diagnosis is vital in intervention, stratification of patients and establishment of disease modifying therapies. This is a systematic literature review, which has compiled the existing evidence on known and emerging biomarkers of early detection of AD in preclinical and prodromal stages. In the overall search of the predefined inclusion criteria in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, 1,095 records were found, and 174 papers were included in the qualitative synthesis. The result points to the valid diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, such as amyloid-24, total tau, phosphorylated tau, and high-level neuroimaging techniques, such as amyloid, tau positron emission tomography and structural magnetic resonance imaging. New blood-based biomarkers, especially plasma phosphorylated tau isoforms, neurofilament light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, show significant prospective as minimally invasive scalable biomarkers. Multimodal combination of fluid, imaging and genetic markers is always associated with high diagnostics accuracy as opposed to single-modality. Although major improvements have been made, there are still major issues related to the standardization of assays, cost-effectiveness, its accessibility, and large-scale longitudinal validation. In general, the combination of fluid-based and imaging biomarkers is a radical change toward the biological basis of diagnosis and precision medicine in the context of Alzheimer disease.
, plasma biomarkers, phosphorylated tau, amyloid-β, neuroimaging, PET imaging, MRI, APOE ε4, multimodal diagnostics, neurodegeneration, systematic review
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING THE HEALTH BURDEN OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE IN URBAN POPULATIONS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Urban air pollution has emerged as a critical global health concern, disproportionately affecting densely populated metropolitan areas and contributing to escalating rates of chronic disease. This epidemiological study evaluated the health burden of air pollution exposure by integrating quantitative environmental measurements with clinical indicators and qualitative community health experiences. Using mixed-methods analysis, pollutant concentrations—including PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, CO, and O₃—were monitored across multiple urban exposure zones, and individual exposure indices were calculated using weighted toxicity models. Health outcomes were assessed through spirometry, cardiovascular measurements, inflammatory biomarkers, and structured symptom questionnaires, while qualitative interviews captured perceived health impacts and daily-life disruptions. Findings revealed strong associations between elevated pollutant levels and reductions in lung function, increased respiratory complaints, heightened cardiovascular stress, and elevated systemic inflammation. The integrated exposure–health risk index demonstrated that populations in high-exposure zones faced substantially increased health risks compared with those in low-exposure areas. Qualitative insights further reinforced quantitative findings, illustrating the lived experience of pollution through reports of breathing difficulty, sleep disturbances, psychological stress, and restricted outdoor activity. Overall, the study underscores the significant health burden posed by urban air pollution and highlights the need for urgent policy interventions, including stricter emission controls, improved urban planning, and targeted health strategies for vulnerable populations. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence advocating for environmental health equity and the implementation of sustainable clean-air initiatives in rapidly urbanizing regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irum Habib, Ezza Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFICACY OF MULTIMODAL ANALGESIA IN POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
The issue of postoperative pain is still one of the primary clinical problems, and it usually prolongs the recovery time, exposes patients to more opioids, and affects patient outcomes. This is a randomized controlled trial that assessed the effectiveness of multimodal analgesia versus conventional opioid-based postoperative pain management as a mixed-method study that used quantitative measures of analgesia and qualitative patient-reported recovery experiences. Adult postoperative patients undergoing elective abdominal and orthopedic surgery were randomly divided into two groups: conventional opioid-centered analgesia and multimodal regimen of non-opioid analgesics and regional techniques of anesthesia and adjunctive pharmacologic agents. The validated scales used to assess the level of pain (Visual Analog Scale, VAS, and Numerical Rating Scale, NRS) were applied, and opioid intake was translated to morphine milligram equivalents to work out opioid-sparing effects. Secondary outcomes comprised the parameters of physiological stability, score of sedation, adverse drug reactions, initial ambulation potential and feedback of subjective recovery through structured interviews. Findings showed that multimodal analgesia produced far fewer pain scores, lesser opioid needs, enhanced physiological stability and diminished adverse events. The qualitative results also demonstrated an increase in the level of patient comfort and increased mobility, increased sleep quality, and other satisfaction levels among the multimodal recipients. The combined review revealed that the efficacy of multimodal analgesia is more effective as it can activate many pain pathways at the same time, which helps the patient get well sooner and reduce the incidence of opioid-related side effects. These results confirm the wider clinical implementation of multimodal analgesia as a safer and more efficient standard of handling postoperative pain and the need to have procedure-specific analgesic protocols applied to individual patients to achieve optimal patient outcomes
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia Ur Rehman, Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND MICROBIAL CORRELATES IN HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) remain a major clinical and public health challenge, driven by diverse microbial pathogens and complex tissue-level responses that complicate diagnosis and management. This cross-sectional study examined the histopathological and microbial characteristics of HAIs using an integrated mixed-methods approach combining tissue biopsy evaluation, microbial culture quantification, Gram staining, PCR-based virulence detection, and severity indexing. Histopathological analysis revealed variable yet distinct patterns of necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, architectural disruption, and microabscess formation across affected tissues. Microbiological assessment identified a predominance of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms alongside pathogenic Gram-positive isolates, with substantial variability in microbial load and resistance profiles. PCR assays confirmed the presence of key virulence determinants, including toxin, biofilm, and resistance genes, which correlated strongly with severe tissue injury. Integrated analysis demonstrated that tissue-level damage severity increased proportionally with microbial density and virulence gene presence, while inflammation-related markers exhibited ward-specific clustering suggestive of environmental dissemination pathways. The development of a combined histopathology–microbial risk index provided a more comprehensive measure of infection severity than individual diagnostic parameters alone. Overall, the findings underscore the multidimensional nature of HAIs and highlight the value of merging microbial diagnostics with histopathological interpretation to achieve earlier detection, improved risk stratification, and more targeted therapeutic interventions. This study enhances understanding of the pathogen–tissue interface in hospital-acquired infections and supports the adoption of integrated diagnostic strategies for effective infection control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Waqar Ali, Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF AUTOIMMUNE ARTHRITIS: AN IMMUNOGENETIC APPROACH
Autoimmune arthritis is a complex inflammatory disorder shaped by the interplay of genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, and clinical phenotype variability. This study employed a mixed-methods immunogenetic framework to examine the influence of high-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), HLA class I and II allelic variations, cytokine activation profiles, and T-cell signaling markers on disease severity and progression. Genomic screening revealed distinct clusters of risk-associated SNPs and HLA variants strongly correlated with heightened inflammatory responses. Cytokine profiling demonstrated consistently elevated IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, and IFN-γ levels among genetically predisposed individuals, supporting the mechanistic link between genetic architecture and amplified immune activation. Phenotypic assessments further identified heterogeneous disease trajectories, with genetically high-risk patients exhibiting more frequent flares, aggressive symptom progression, and greater functional impairment. The integration of genomic, immunological, and clinical datasets into an immunogenetic risk index provided enhanced predictive accuracy for disease activity compared with traditional single-parameter assessments. These findings emphasize that autoimmune arthritis comprises multiple molecularly distinct subtypes rather than a single uniform condition, underscoring the importance of individualized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The study concludes that early immunogenetic screening and cytokine monitoring can improve clinical decision-making, support precision-based treatment planning, and ultimately contribute to better long-term outcomes for patients with autoimmune arthritis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ezza Fatima, Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
QUALITY OF LIFE DETERMINANTS AMONG HEMATO-ONCOLOGY PATIENTS UNDERGOING PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY
This study investigates the multidimensional determinants of quality of life (QoL) among hemato-oncology patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy, focusing on the interplay between clinical symptoms, psychological stressors, social support structures, and treatment-related toxicities. Using a mixed-methods design, quantitative assessments of fatigue, pain, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and functional decline were analyzed alongside qualitative insights into emotional burden, caregiver involvement, and financial strain. The findings reveal that symptom burden—particularly fatigue, pain intensity, and insomnia—constitutes the strongest predictor of QoL deterioration, while emotional distress and anxiety further exacerbate vulnerability during chemotherapy cycles. Chemotherapy-related toxicities significantly diminished physical functioning and contributed to treatment exhaustion, whereas financial toxicity emerged as an independent driver of psychological distress and perceived QoL decline. Social support demonstrated a protective effect, with patients reporting stronger caregiver involvement exhibiting higher resilience and improved emotional stability. The integrated results emphasize that QoL in palliative hemato-oncology care cannot be understood in isolation from the socioeconomic and psychosocial contexts in which patients live. The study concludes that effective QoL enhancement requires early, holistic, and multidisciplinary palliative interventions that combine symptom management, psychological counseling, supportive care, and financial guidance. These findings hold critical implications for clinical practice, informing tailored care pathways and policy considerations aimed at improving the well-being, dignity, and lived experiences of patients receiving palliative chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Asadullah Usman, Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHO-DERMATOLOGY: SKIN-MIND CONNECTION
The present research focuses on the psychophysiological links occurring between the mental health and skin disorders in a setting of psycho-dermatology. We examined 120 patients with such a diagnosis as stress-sensitive dermatoses including psoriasis, AT, and urticaria using a mixed-methods design. To check both psychological and physiological stress, the biochemical measurements of salivary cortisol and serum IL-6, including quantitative questionnaires (e.g., Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Dermatology Life Quality Index) were used. Psychological distress has been identified as a strong factor related to the intensity of dermatologic symptoms (p < 0.01) on a multivariate hierarchy of the analysis. The combined mindfulness-based treatments of cognitive-behavioral therapy and dermatological treatment in the form of a 12-week intervention lead to statistically significant outcomes in mental health scores and skin symptomatology. The bidirectional relationship was further enhanced by the themes of emotional triggers, apparent stigma, and coping mechanisms that came out when the patient interviews were analyzed qualitatively. All of the findings indicate that the psychological well being is critical in the development and treatment of skin diseases. To improve patient outcomes, this study advocates the approaches to interdisciplinary trauma based on a combination of dermatology and psychiatry. Along with giving solid statistical and theoretical backing to the skin-mind connection, the results allow future treatment and policy models to be developed that incorporate psychological evaluations as part of the dermatological provision.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEUROIMAGING BIOMARKERS IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Incorporating neuroimage indicators into psychiatric diagnoses takes mental health precision medicine to the next level. This paper employed a mixed method research design to examine the value of, imaging features that use MRI as an imaging modality in diagnosis and treatment of severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorders. General linear models and principal component analysis were used to seek associations between measures of clinical severity indexes and quantitative imaging data obtained with fMRI, DTI, and structural MRI. They found out that the connections between imaging characteristics (including thinner cortical thickness and poor white matter integrity) and symptom severity were strong. Meanwhile, qualitative interviews with psychiatrists and radiologists demonstrated that, when disciplines collaborate, both practical and interpretive problems can be more apparent, and diagnosis can be made more transparent, and treatment decision making can be facilitated. The findings affirm the potential of neuroimaging biomarkers as an important aspect of the psychiatric assessments and a strategy involving the precision of radiology and expertise of psychiatry should be adopted. This collaborative model does not only contribute to more accurate diagnoses, but also preconditions the introduction of individualized methods of care at the psyche.
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY AND SLEEP MEDICINE FOR OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA MANAGEMENT
OSA is a relatively widespread affliction, often misaddressed even though it has severe heart, lung, and brain impacts. The model being studied involves the integration of otorhinolaryngology and sleep medicine in the treatment of moderate to severe OSA. A mixed method experimental design was employed where 180 patients were randomly placed in three groups namely those that only utilized CPAP, the ones that only underwent surgical procedures and the ones that underwent both surgery and CPAP. We considered the quantitative data such as Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI), the Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) prior to and after the treatment during six months. The findings indicated that combination therapy resulted in maximum reduction of ESS scores (mean change: 6.4, p < 0.001). The group of surgical interventions also showed a better adherence to surgery in the long term than CPAP alone. The qualitative section entailed semi structured interviews to patients and doctors. These indicated the patients were attaining greater happiness, adhering to their treatment plans better, and believed that interdisciplinary coordination was beneficial. Trilateralization of the data revealed that the most effective method to enhance the quality of treatment and pave the way to the positive experience of the patient is an integrative approach. The paper concludes that changes should be implemented in the management of OSA so as to facilitate the collaborative efforts of specialists. These findings demonstrate that the integration of otolaryngology and sleep medicine can happen at the clinical and operations level, and it can potentially transform the way how care should be given to the OSA patients.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syeda Iram Batool, Younas Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-AUGMENTED ROBOTIC SURGERY IN UROGYNECOLOGY
This paper will analyze the problem of using artificial intelligence (AI) in robotic-assisted surgery in urogynecology. This subject is concerned with ways on how it can make surgeries more accurate, be of less time, and better results of the said surgeries. It was a mixed-methods experiment study in which a total of 120 patients were receiving minimally invasive procedures to treat pelvic organ prolapse and have urine incontinence. They were randomly divided into two groups: one of them had routine robotic surgery and another one had AI-aided robotic surgery. Those helped by AI achieved a substantial reduction in crucial indicators, including an abridged mean operative time (down 18 percent), reduced blood loss at the course of the surgery (down 21 percent), reduced complication rates (12 percent compared to 25 percent), and shorter postoperative hospital stays (an average span of 1.3 days). The nerve-sparing and right placement of sutures were more accurate, too, with the help of A-enhanced visualizations in real-time. In surgical teams, qualitative data indicated that AI brought about increased confidence, facilitated the working process, and assisted to be more oriented to the surrounding environment. But there were questions also as to how easy would it be to interpret AI and how quickly would it take to respond. We could make accurate surgical outcome predictions, with an AUC of 0.91, by utilizing the deep learning algorithms in pre-operative predictive modeling. This indicates the confidence of AI in decision-making in an operation. One possible solution is to employ AI in the field of robotic surgeries to enhance the shortcomings of the current state of minimal invasive surgeries, particularly in complex cases in pelvic surgeries. This research is the foundation of ensuring that AI is implemented in the clinical surgical environment. It emphasizes the necessity of consistent enhancement of algorithms, training of surgeons, and development of moral constructs to help working with machines in the operation room.
FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY IN POST-CONFLICT MENTAL HEALTH REHABILITATION
In this study, the author tries to use a mixed-methods experimental approach to the issue of forensic psychiatry impacting post-conflict mental health rehabilitation, as suggested by the introduction of psychological, neurobiological, and legal sentiments of trauma restoration. A sample of 120 individuals in post-conflict areas was examined at three stages, namely, at baseline, mid-intervention, and post-intervention with the help of standard diagnostic instruments and serum indicators. Statistically significant changes were proven in quantitative findings, showing the improvement of PTSD symptomatology, depression outcomes, and cognitive flexibility after treatment, showing a significant decrease of serum cortisol level indicators of better neuroendocrine balance. As revealed by the two-way repeated measures ANOVA, time and type of intervention used in forensics approached both significance and significance (p<0.01p < 0.01). Thematic reports of qualitative interviews depicted that there were recoursive themes of contextualization of trauma, legal identity reformation and anxiety of reintegration into society, which provided depth to the process of rehabilitation. These findings indicate the efficiency of combining the forensic psychiatric treatment with trauma-informed interventions regarding structurally reconstructing mental health in people under war conditions. The paper provides justification to the employment of forensic psychiatry as an essential part of multidisciplinary post-conflict physical mending plans.
EFFICACY OF 3D-PRINTED SCAFFOLDS FOR CARTILAGE REGENERATION IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Osteoarthritis (OA) remains a leading cause of disability worldwide due to the poor regenerative capacity of articular cartilage and the limited efficacy of current treatments. This study investigated the regenerative potential of 3D-printed scaffolds fabricated from various biomaterials—PLA, PCL, PEGDA, and a composite blend—to support chondrocyte viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, and modulation of inflammation and senescence. Composite scaffolds demonstrated the highest chondrocyte viability (88%) and significantly enhanced the expression of chondrogenic markers (COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9), indicating robust ECM production. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and senescence-associated factors (MMP13, IL-6) were notably lower in composite scaffold groups compared to other materials, suggesting a favorable anti-inflammatory and anti-senescent profile. Furthermore, composite scaffolds exhibited superior mechanical properties (compressive strength of 6.1 MPa, elastic modulus of 170 MPa), highest porosity (80%), optimal pore size (350 μm), and the most effective retention of TGF-β3 growth factor (85%). These characteristics contributed to enhanced cellular activity and matrix deposition, supporting the hypothesis that scaffold architecture and biofunctionality are pivotal in cartilage regeneration. A positive correlation was also observed between scaffold porosity and chondrocyte viability, underscoring the importance of tailored structural design. The study provides compelling evidence that composite 3D-printed scaffolds offer a superior platform for cartilage repair, combining structural support, biological signaling, and tissue integration. These findings establish a strong foundation for the clinical translation of advanced scaffold-based therapies in the treatment of OA, moving closer to personalized, regenerative orthopedic solutions.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF MANUAL VS POWERED INSTRUMENTATION IN FUNCTIONAL ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY (FESS)
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is the gold‐standard intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to medical therapy, yet optimal choice of instrumentation remains unsettled. In this prospective, randomized study of 100 adult patients, we directly compared manual instrumentation using forceps and dissectors versus powered microdebrider‐assisted FESS under standardized operative conditions. Primary quantitative outcomes demonstrated that powered instrumentation significantly reduced mean operative time (58.7 ± 12.3 min vs. 82.3 ± 15.4 min) and intraoperative blood loss (118.9 ± 40.7 mL vs. 205.6 ± 50.2 mL), while achieving higher mucosal preservation scores on a 1–5 scale (4.5 ± 0.5 vs. 3.2 ± 0.8; all p < 0.01). Early postoperative recovery favored the powered group, with lower mean SNOT-22 scores at Weeks 1 (28.4 ± 7.9 vs. 30.2 ± 8.4), 4 (22.3 ± 6.8 vs. 25.1 ± 7.2), and 12 (18.1 ± 5.9 vs. 20.3 ± 6.5), and improved endoscopic healing per Lund–Kennedy scores at Week 12 (4.1 ± 0.9 vs. 3.8 ± 1.0; p < 0.05). Complication rates were lower in the powered cohort, with reduced incidences of synechiae (16 % vs. 20 %), bleeding (6 % vs. 10 %), and infection (2 % vs. 4 %), yielding a higher proportion of uncomplicated recoveries (76 % vs. 66 %). Semi‐structured interviews with ten rhinologic surgeons revealed that powered instrumentation enhanced visualization, ease of access in complex anatomies, and ergonomics (cited in 9–10 interviews), although manual tools retained perceived advantages in tactile feedback. These findings indicate that powered FESS not only streamlines surgical efficiency and minimizes intraoperative trauma but also promotes more rapid early symptom resolution and mucosal healing. Given the trade‐offs in tactile control and equipment costs, selection of instrumentation should be individualized based on case complexity, surgeon expertise, and resource availability. Further multi‐center trials with long‐term follow‐up and cost‐effectiveness analyses are recommended to establish definitive guidelines for instrumentation choice in FESS.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PREDICTING ANESTHESIA-RELATED COMPLICATIONS: A CROSS-SPECIALTY APPROACH INTEGRATING PULMONARY, RENAL, AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into anesthesiology offers a transformative approach to predicting anesthesia-related complications by leveraging multidimensional data from pulmonary, renal, and cardiovascular systems. This retrospective cohort study analyzed electronic health records from 4,200 adult surgical patients to develop and validate machine learning models capable of forecasting perioperative complications. Key anesthesia-related adverse events—such as hypoxemia (11.2%), acute kidney injury (8.9%), arrhythmias (7.5%), bronchospasm (6.4%), and intraoperative hypotension (15.8%)—were predicted using a comprehensive feature set including laboratory results, imaging data, comorbidities, and intraoperative parameters. XGBoost achieved the highest results (AUC-ROC: 0.92, F1-score: 0.87) and Gradient Boosting and Random Forest came in as close seconds. Of all the things affecting all the problems, SHAP analysis pointed to intraoperative hypotension, a low eGFR, COPD, higher preop troponin, being over 70 and being obese. Besides, the results of external testing showed that the XGBoost model generalised well and its Brier score (0.082) was low, with minimal overfitting. It was revealed that many problems cause multi-organ failure during surgery which insists on creating a unified system for assessing risks among specialists. Calibration assessements, levels of feature importance, evaluation metrics of the model and complication curves are shown visually in figures and tables. All in all, making use of individualised risk classes, beginning early treatment and boosting safety can prove AI-driven predictive models useful in anaesthesiology. It uses data to lay out a plan for accurate anesthesia and sets a standard for adding explainable AI to operations within the field.
EXPLORING RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA), a frequently underdiagnosed renal complication in autoimmune diseases, is marked by impaired acid-base regulation due to tubular dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the clinical, biochemical, and immunological features of RTA in patients with autoimmune disorders to better understand its pathophysiology and inform treatment strategies. A cohort of autoimmune patients was evaluated for RTA subtypes through arterial blood gas analysis, urine profiling, and inflammatory biomarker assays. Results demonstrated that distal RTA was associated with more profound acidemia and elevated urine pH, whereas proximal RTA exhibited increased urinary bicarbonate wasting. Table-based analysis revealed a strong prevalence of ANA and Anti-SSA antibodies, alongside elevated CRP and IL-6 levels. Symptomatically, fatigue and muscle weakness were the most common complaints. Multivariate logistic regression identified Anti-SSA positivity and low bicarbonate levels as significant predictors of RTA. Treatment responses varied, with immunosuppressive therapy outperforming alkali replacement, especially in distal RTA cases. Nine graphical visualizations further illustrated key trends, including inflammatory profiles, treatment outcomes, and antibody distributions. These findings highlight the need for early diagnostic intervention and immunological assessment to guide personalized treatment strategies. The study concludes that autoimmune-mediated RTA requires a multidimensional diagnostic approach and that immunosuppressive regimens may offer superior renal protection. Further research is needed to refine therapeutic algorithms and reduce long-term renal morbidity in autoimmune populations.
METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: TARGETING MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by profound metabolic reprogramming, often driven by mitochondrial biogenesis. This study investigated the role of mitochondrial biogenesis in the metabolic adaptation of HCC cells, with a focus on its implications for tumor progression and therapeutic targeting. Gene expression analyses revealed significant upregulation of key mitochondrial regulators including PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM in HCC tissues compared to non-tumorous liver, indicating enhanced mitochondrial mass and biogenic activity. Metabolomic profiling showed elevated levels of lactate, pyruvate, and TCA cycle intermediates in HCC, reflecting a metabolic shift toward both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA content and ATP production were markedly increased, alongside elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), highlighting the hypermetabolic state of tumor cells. Public transcriptomic data (TCGA-LIHC) demonstrated that high expression of mitochondrial biogenesis genes correlated with improved overall survival, establishing their potential prognostic value. Functional assays revealed that pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis, especially through metformin and a B-raf inhibitor–diclofenac combination, led to a significant reduction in HCC cell viability. Pathway enrichment analysis identified oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation as dominant metabolic programs in HCC. Collectively, the data affirm that mitochondrial biogenesis not only supports HCC metabolic plasticity and growth but also represents a promising therapeutic target. The study emphasizes the necessity of precise therapeutic modulation, given the fundamental role of mitochondria in normal cell function. These findings lay a foundation for developing mitochondria-targeted strategies aimed at selectively impairing cancer cell metabolism, potentially enhancing treatment outcomes in HCC patients.
IMMUNE DYSREGULATION IN RECURRENT DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER CASES
Recurrent dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) presents a significant clinical challenge, with disease severity often driven by immune system dysregulation rather than viral load alone. This study aimed to investigate immunological alterations in patients with recurrent DHF and identify patterns associated with clinical severity. A total of 120 patients with at least two prior episodes of DHF were enrolled across three tertiary care hospitals in endemic regions. In the acute phase, analysis of peripheral blood included studying Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), complement activation, specific T cell subsets and the release of cytokines. Around 40% of patients had Grade II illness and 30% had Grade III and the study indicated that DENV-2 and DENV-3 were involved the most in patients’ recurring symptoms. As the problem worsened, the levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ were observed to gradually climb. Intriguingly, the correlation between IL-6 and TNF-α was very high (r = 0.78) which connects them in causing the cytokine storm related to DHF. High complement component C5b-9 was found in severe patients, indicating that complement activation is responsible for a larger amount of plasma leakage. The higher number of CD8+ T cells and lower activity of regulatory T cells in the blood of severe patients indicated that the immune system was not well-controlled. Serotype-specific studies show that infections with DENV-2 stimulated the most significant inflammatory and complement reactions among the viruses. Overall, the findings point out that the severity of DHF is due to hyperactivation of the complement system, a lack of properly balanced cytokines and weak immune control. Results suggest that both C5b-9 and IL-6 can guide new treatments in immunology and point to the development of diseases. If high-risk individuals are identified using immunological profiling, new treatments and vaccines for dengue could help protect them and further improve their outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wesam Taher Almagharbeh , Sami Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT SALMONELLA TYPHI IN URBAN SLUMS
The emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella typhi in urban slum settings pose a growing threat to global health, particularly in low-resource environments characterised by poor sanitation, overcrowding, and inadequate healthcare access. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of MDR S. typhi, identify associated risk factors, and evaluate resistance patterns among clinical and environmental samples collected from five urban slums.With culture techniques and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, 150 samples from both biology and the environment of the 300 study participants were analyzed. Stool and blood were the samples with the highest numbers of positive results for MDR S. typhi (47% and 45%, respectively) and 42% had positive test results. Although few E. coli strains (20%) were resistant to ceftriaxone, the resistance to ampicillin (50%), trimethoprim (40%) and ciprofloxacin (30%) was high. It was found that out of those studied, 55% had taken antibiotics recently and almost two-thirds of participants had used self-prescribed medicines, both indicators of the high rate of MDR. Based on the evaluation, around 30% of respondents mentioned they do not wash their hands regularly and another 25% claimed to use contaminated water for their needs. It was found that poor hygiene, pollution in the water and the use of antibiotics all played a significant role in MDR infection (p < 0.05). It was also discovered that 39% of the water and 37% of the food samples included bacteria that are resistant to multiple drugs. Analysis of correlations suggested that certain behavioral characters are linked to high levels of MDR. They reveal that climate change calls for joining efforts on monitoring the environment, educating people on health issues, improving sanitation and practicing antibiotic stewardship. It highlights the challenges of antibiotic resistance in developing countries and recommends using the One Health approach to address high rates of MDR S. typhi in cities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Yar Mahsood , Jawad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FUNCTIONAL MRI EVALUATION OF CENTRAL SENSITIZATION IN CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a complex and disabling condition often underpinned by central sensitisation—a state of heightened central nervous system excitability that amplifies pain perception. This study aimed to investigate the neurophysiological and structural brain alterations associated with central sensitisation in individuals with CLBP using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and clinical assessment tools. Apart from analyzing brain activity using fMRI, the study involved 60 patients (40 with CLBP and 20 healthy individuals) who completed the VAS, PCS and CSI questionnaires. The information revealed that patients experiencing CLBP scored much higher on VAS, PCS and CSI scores. Decreased functional connection was found between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and thalamus, whereas functional connection increased within the ACC and insula. Many nerve changes observed in the brain were linked not only to the condition itself but also to the signs of central sensitisation. Chronic low back pain was linked by MRI to lower levels of grey matter in areas related to sensation and thinking. Unusual differences in the connectivity of the brain were confirmed by analyzing Z-score deviation. This demonstrates that fMRI can literally pick out the brain areas linked to persistent pain and with central sensitisation in mind. It offers a solid background for comprehending chronic pain and guiding the development of individual, non-pharmacological care by combining reviews of brain images and clinical investigations. The evidence from this work proves that neuroimaging biomarkers play a role in managing spinal pain and suggests that changes in the central nervous system are significant in CLBP.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rida Tariq , Muhammad Rehan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING POST-STROKE MUSCLE SPASTICITY AND MOTOR CORTEX REMODELING
Post-stroke muscle spasticity and motor dysfunction remain significant barriers to functional recovery and quality of life among stroke survivors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a technology-integrated neurorehabilitation program on muscle spasticity, motor performance, and cortical remodeling over a 12-week intervention period. A total of 60 post-stroke patients with upper limb spasticity were enrolled in a longitudinal, mixed-methods study combining robotic-assisted therapy, virtual reality training, and task-specific exercises. Studies involved the MAS, FMA-UE and WMFT for measuring nerve activity and TMS and fMRI for evaluating brain electrical activity. An exploration of what patients felt and did during rehabilitation was carried out through qualitative interviews. There was a statistically important rise in FMA-UE (30-55 points), better times on the WMFT (60 seconds turned into 30) and considerable decrease in MAS scores (dropped from 3.0 to 1.8). Besides, by assessing these neurophysiological indicators, we noted that M1 was becoming more active (z-scores rose from 1.0 to 2.0) and that the stimulus intensity required for motor function dropped (from 65% to 52%), showing that the brain was becoming more active and flexible. There was a strong negative connection between a decrease in spasticity and improved muscle function (r = -0.76). Patients used interactive rehabilitation technology well, developed increased motivation and reported high satisfaction. Overall, the study was successful in proving that recent neurotechnologies play a key role in helping stroke patients rewire their cortex and improve their actions. This shows that regimens focused on neuroplasticity support the independence of stroke patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rabia Nasir, Shazia Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF LOW VITAMIN D LEVELS ON RECURRENT MUSCLE CRAMPS
Muscle cramps are a common and often debilitating condition with a multifactorial etiology. Emerging evidence implicates vitamin D deficiency as a potential contributor to cramp occurrence due to its role in calcium homeostasis and muscle function. The aim of this study was to check whether serum vitamin D levels were linked to the frequency and intensity of adults’ frequently occurring muscle cramps. A study was performed using data from 240 adults who reported frequently cramping their muscles. Each subject was considered sufficient, insufficient or deficient based on the 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in their serum. Data on how often, how severe and their biochemical values (calcium, magnesium and PTH) were gathered using ANOVA, multivariate regression, descriptive statistics and information on lifestyle. The more muscle cramps I experienced and the more intense they were, the less vitamin D I seemed to have. Deficient women displayed better results on the VAS and cramp frequency than both the Insufficient group and Sufficient group, by 3.1 and 6.4 (p < 0.01) and by 2.2 and 5.1 (p < 0.01). The mean PTH level for the Deficient group was 57.8 pg/mL, indicating hyperparathyroidism to manage the lack of vitamin D. Their activities and time spent in the sun was less than any of the other groups. High PTH indicated more cramps, whereas low vitamin D indicated having fewer and less severe cramps (r = -0.62 and -0.59). Less physical movement and changes in the calcium-PTH relation both contribute to the independent link between low vitamin D and increased and intense muscular cramps. It is highlighted from these findings that lifestyles and supplements can help reduce idiopathic muscular cramps, so further D vitamin testing should usually be done in those with idiopathic cramps.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamais Murtaza, Abdul Ghaffar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIGITAL HEALTH AND TELEMEDICINE APPLICATIONS IN RURAL EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE
Digital health should be added to the rural emergency medicine to provide clinical work optimization, respondctions time, and patient outcomes enhancing in the regions lacking sufficient medical care. In this study, there were qualitative and quantitative research designs; the researchers examined how real-time tele-consultation impacted six rural emergency departments, prioritizing some cases that required immediate care such as stroke, sepsis, and myocardial infarction. A quantitative study on 284 telemedicine-linked encounters indicated that total time acquired to secure treatment diminished by an average of 34 percent and time to secure counseling decreased by 42 percent subsequent to the framework set in place. Using the calculated efficiencies (E gain) gain and the logistic regression based modeling, it was found that the reduction in response time had a very strong correlation with the improved patient stabilization and reduction in 30-day readmission rates (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, qualitative interviews of 48 physicians in rural areas identified similar patterns of more cooperation between disciplines, increased trust in clinical expertise and such applied issues as inability to implement technology and internet availability. Thematic analysis revealed that the perception of providers with regard to outcomes trends was congruent. This indicates the crudeness of readjusting workflow and training the staff. The methodological workflow (Figure 1) explains how all should contribute to ensuring that telehealth is successful, including digital triage, clinical data and the feedback systems. These findings demonstrate how telemedicine may transform eventualities in intense areas in an emergency case and provide a model of boosting the digital care in resource-scarce areas.
Copyright (c) 2023 Shahzad Rafiq, Rabia Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CRITICAL CARE NEUROLOGY IN ACUTE STROKE UNITS
Acute stroke units (ASUs) play a very prominent role where rapid assessment and treatment by neurologists directly influences the rate of recovery in people. This paper utilized a mixed design of the experiment to investigate the effectiveness of neurocritical care procedures in ASUs. It accomplished that through the integration of physiological monitoring, biomarker analysis and qualitative assessments of the quality levels in team collaboration. The brains of a bunch of acute ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke patients (120) were monitored non-stop on arrival. These were intracranial pressure (ICP), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS). We calculated and monitored cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and we realized that they had better outcomes when the CPP was above 70 mmHg (p<0.01). S100B and NSE levels were far higher in patients whose neurological condition was deteriorating. Improved functional independence after discharge (increase of 25 percent) was attributed to hyperosmolar treatment and controlled hypothermia; both are forms of critical care. The multivariate regression analysis showed that all measurements of ICP, CPP, biomarker levels were independent prognostic variables of survival after 30 days. Formal interviews of the personnel in healthcare at the same time revealed the systemic issues of the escalation pathways. They were able to demonstrate, as well, that the interprofessional collaboration is the force in prompt response and continuity of care. The integration of quantitative outcome modeling and qualitative systems analysis provided the entire image of how to advance the care of strokes. It is with such results that adaptive ASU procedures can be developed that have telemetry and have the ability to react not only to the changing condition of the patient, as well as to changes in how the work is performed.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rida Naz, Muska Hayat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEDICAL GENETICS AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY IN CONGENITAL CANCER SYNDROMES
Pediatric oncology deals with congenital cancer syndromes. They are usually manifested by germline abnormalities which predispose children to cancer in the early ages. This work was aimed at clarifying the genetic and clinical landscapes of these diseases through the mixed-methods approach. We performed whole exome sequencing and comparative genomic hybridization on cohort of children with tumors including retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. This was a quantitative study. Bayesian inference identified statistically significant associations between gene changes and some cancer features in TP53, RB1, WT1 and NF1. Meanwhile, the qualitative interviews with the caregivers and the doctors revealed the patterns of the ways genetic traits are inherited and the ways they may vary, the ways they influence the mental state of people. According to KaplanMeier survival curves and the Cox regression, a reduction of the prognosis importance was noted in terms of mutation zygosity and the syndromic features. The unsupervised clustering and principal component analysis assisted to group patients with different clinical-genomic characteristics further. This discovery supports a new form of categorization using genetic and clinical information to enhance precision of diagnosis and risk-stratification. The study demonstrates the usefulness of integrating genetics with clinical data used in the real world process of providing treatments on cancerous children in order to personalize them. The implications of our findings are huge regarding the process of finding congenital cancer syndromes at an early age and monitoring them as well as treating them.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sami Ullah, Sajjad Mehdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PAIN MANAGEMENT: ANESTHESIOLOGY AND NEUROLOGY PERSPECTIVES
Pain is a complex and many-faceted phenomenon and therefore it cannot always be treated by only one approach. The study examines the clinical and experimental advantages of both prescribing neurology and anesthesiology concomitantly in an attempt to collaborate, to treat both the chronic and acute pain. We achieved this through the mixed-methods approach. We selected 120 patients with various kinds of pain and administered them to neuronal modulation with dual-modality procedure and pharmacologic anesthesia. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the statistical interaction effect (p < 0.05) occurred between the impact of the anesthetic and neurologic intervention on the level of pain. Meanwhile, applying thematic analysis to the interviews by means of a semi-structured method revealed that the treatment has been made more psychologically comfortable, more accurate, and less frightening due to the co-management. The figures indicate that cross-disciplinary paradigm of treatment not only results in better clinical outcomes, but also improves the feelings of the patient. We have developed a stepwise process flow that would enable institutions to copy and implement the process in the future. Findings indicate that the study has managed to break the barrier between the two most common approaches to treat pain, neurophysiologic and pharmacologic treatment of pain in current pain treatment, to have them work together in an evidence-based way. Such impacts are not limited to clinical practice, training at all levels, healthcare policy, and education.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Ghaffar, Roohan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODERN HYBRID INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY IN HEPATOLOGY
By delivering image-guided, minimally invasive procedure, interventional radiology (IR) is transforming the landscape of hepatology rapidly by offering relief to complex liver diseases. The research employs a mixed-methods methodology to examine the effectiveness of the process, the results of its clinical use, and the opinions of the experts regarding the use of IR in hepatologic interventions. There were 150 patients having IR procedures such as TIPS, radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous biliary drainage, and portal vein embolization with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or portal hypertension. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the success rate of technical procedures was above 90 percent, the MELD scores were noted to have a great improvement after treatment, and the 90-day survival rate stood at 78 percent. The KaplanMeier survival curves indicated that the drug became more effective with time and Cox regression revealed that MELD and INR were significant variables in survival duration of a patient. Simultaneously, researchers conducted qualitative interviews of 18 hepatology and IR professionals that determined procedural trust, interdepartmental workflow, and institutional preparation as one of the most significant elements of clinical integration. Thematic analysis revealed that human beings are getting more assuring about the use of IR as an up-front technology to address issues on liver care. It revealed that the access as well as training with different fields and communication existing between such field has issues. Meta-inference integrated the two information feeds to provide an in-depth understanding of what IR contributions have been beyond being a technical innovation, but a strategic clinical ally in the field of hepatology. This paper indicates that interventional radiology ought to play a major role in the treatment of liver disease. It also preconditions further clinical recommendations and training programs in the field of hybrid hepatologic treatment.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rabia Kiran, Hassan Yar Mahsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE: APPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The integration of blockchain technology into healthcare systems has emerged as a transformative approach to address critical challenges such as data security, interoperability, and administrative inefficiencies. As healthcare continues to adopt digital frameworks, the demand for transparent, decentralized, and tamper-proof systems has intensified, positioning blockchain as a key enabler of next-generation health infrastructure.This study employs a qualitative, integrative methodology combining literature review, case study analysis, and conceptual modeling to investigate the practical applications, benefits, and limitations of blockchain technology in healthcare. Particular focus is given to its implementation in electronic health records (EHRs), drug supply chain management, healthcare financing, and telemedicine services.Results demonstrate significant improvements in data integrity, trust, and system efficiency. Pilot implementations in regions such as Pakistan show blockchain-enabled EHR systems reducing data fragmentation and improving patient outcomes. In pharmaceutical logistics, blockchain has proven effective in preventing counterfeit drug distribution through real-time traceability. Additionally, smart contracts have enhanced the accuracy and speed of insurance claims processing, while decentralized identity verification has bolstered trust in telehealth interactions.The study concludes that while blockchain holds immense potential for healthcare transformation, several barriers must be addressed, including scalability, regulatory compliance, integration with legacy systems, and stakeholder awareness. Overcoming these challenges will require collaborative efforts among policymakers, technology developers, and healthcare institutions.In summary, blockchain technology offers a secure and scalable solution to many of the systemic issues facing modern healthcare. With thoughtful implementation and regulatory support, it can pave the way for a more efficient, transparent, and patient-centered healthcare ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Waheed Shah , Ezza Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEALTHCARE INNOVATIONS: THE ROLE OF TELEMEDICINE AND REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING IN MODERN HEALTHCARE
The growing demand for accessible and efficient healthcare services has accelerated the integration of telemedicine and remote patient monitoring (RPM) into modern clinical practice. These digital innovations have reshaped healthcare delivery, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, by enabling remote consultations and continuous patient oversight without compromising quality of care. This study investigates the implementation, effectiveness, and integration of telemedicine and RPM technologies across healthcare systems, with a focus on chronic disease management, infrastructure challenges, and patient engagement. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines a systematic literature review of 54 peer-reviewed sources with predictive modeling based on real-time physiological data collected through RPM devices. A multivariate linear risk score model was developed to simulate health deterioration detection, and integration workflows between telemedicine platforms and RPM systems were examined to evaluate interoperability and clinical decision support efficiency.The results demonstrate a marked increase in adoption rates globally, particularly in managing diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions. RPM implementation was associated with a 20–50% reduction in hospital readmissions and improved diagnostic accuracy through AI-enhanced analytics. Telemedicine consultations reported higher patient satisfaction, reduced healthcare costs, and improved access for rural populations. Despite these benefits, significant challenges were identified, including regulatory barriers, device compatibility, digital literacy gaps, and data security concerns.In conclusion, the integration of telemedicine and RPM presents a transformative opportunity for healthcare systems, offering scalable, patient-centered solutions to address growing demand and chronic disease burdens. However, widespread adoption will require policy alignment, investment in digital infrastructure, and targeted education initiatives to ensure equitable access and sustainable impact. This research underscores the critical role of technology in advancing modern healthcare while highlighting the need for continuous innovation and collaborative governance.
Copyright (c) 2023 Saad Abdullah, Usama Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EARLY DETECTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global mortality, often progressing silently until the onset of severe complications. Early detection is critical in mitigating these outcomes and improving patient survival through timely intervention and personalized care. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP), have revolutionized diagnostic approaches in cardiology by enabling the rapid analysis of large-scale clinical data and imaging modalities.This study explores the integration of AI technologies into early CVD detection workflows. Predictive models such as Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and Convolutional Neural Networks were employed to process multidimensional datasets including patient demographics, electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, echocardiograms, and laboratory biomarkers. Real-time monitoring systems and NLP algorithms further enhanced the extraction of clinically relevant information from unstructured data, facilitating early diagnosis and risk stratification.The results demonstrate that AI-driven models consistently outperform traditional diagnostic methods, achieving higher sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy. In particular, deep learning algorithms excelled in ECG and imaging interpretation, while ML-based predictive tools offered reliable risk classification across diverse patient profiles. Visual analyses confirmed robust performance through ROC and precision-recall assessments, indicating high clinical reliability.In conclusion, the findings underscore the transformative potential of AI in the early detection of cardiovascular diseases. By improving diagnostic accuracy, enabling personalized risk assessments, and supporting remote monitoring, AI paves the way for a more proactive and data-driven approach to cardiovascular healthcare. Addressing challenges related to data quality, ethical considerations, and system integration will be essential for the sustainable and equitable implementation of AI across global health systems.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zafar Aleem Suchal , Muhammad Danial Ahmad Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF CRISPR-CAS9 TECHNOLOGY IN GENE EDITING FOR DISEASE TREATMENT
The CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system has revolutionized modern biotechnology by providing a precise, efficient, and versatile tool for modifying specific genetic sequences. Its applications in human therapeutics have garnered significant attention, particularly for the treatment of genetic disorders, cancer, and persistent viral infections. As a molecular tool originally derived from bacterial immune systems, CRISPR-Cas9 enables targeted genomic alterations through RNA-guided DNA cleavage and subsequent repair, offering the potential for curative interventions in previously intractable diseases.This study investigates the clinical utility of CRISPR-Cas9 across three primary domains: monogenic disease correction, cancer immunotherapy, and antiviral strategies. Using a combination of simulated data modeling and real-world clinical outcomes from recent trials, we assessed editing efficiency, off-target effects, and therapeutic success across multiple gene targets and repair mechanisms. The methodology involved comparative analysis of non-homologous end joining and homology-directed repair, alongside evaluation of immune enhancement strategies via checkpoint gene disruption and T-cell receptor engineering.The results revealed consistently high editing efficiency in corrected hematopoietic and epithelial cell models, with minimal off-target effects observed under optimized guide RNA conditions. Immunotherapy applications demonstrated significant tumor cell clearance and enhanced T-cell activity following CRISPR modification. In antiviral contexts, CRISPR was successful in targeting integrated viral genomes, indicating its potential for functional cures.In conclusion, CRISPR-Cas9 represents a transformative advancement in personalized medicine, offering curative potential for a wide range of conditions. While challenges such as ethical considerations, delivery mechanisms, and long-term safety persist, the growing body of evidence supports the responsible integration of CRISPR into clinical practice. This study contributes to the broader understanding of CRISPR’s therapeutic versatility and sets the stage for its future application in next-generation medical interventions.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zia Ur Rehman , Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0